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Here are a few miscellaneous questions: 

1. I know the word "encourage" (поощрять). What is the word for "discourage" in Russian? For instance, "My parents tried to discourage me from drinking" or, "The government is discouraging tourism by charging so much money for visas." 


2. I know the word for "underline" or "emphasize" (подчеркивать). What is the opposite word for "deemphasize" or "downplay"? For instance "The government tried to downplay the level of corruption among its officials" or "My friend tried to downplay how many times he had lied."  Also is it normal and conversational to say "сделал эмфазу"?

3. What is the different between and горд чем–то и гордиться чем–то? Я горжусь тобой, я горд тобой. Are they always interchangeable?